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+title = "Architecture of Linux Kernel"
+date = 2022-09-03
+[taxonomies]
+categories = ["cs"]
+tags = ["linux"]
+[extra]
+math = true
++++
+## Description
+
+Modern microcontrollers nowadays support at least two privilege levels. Intel/AMD x86-64 family supports 4 levels, whilst ARM (32bit) microcontrollers support up to 7 levels (6 privileged, 1 non-privileged).
+
+Modern operating systems support at least 2 levels:
+
+- **User space**: For applications to run in unprivileged user mode
+- **Kernel space**: For the kernel (and all its components) to run in privileged mode – kernel mode
+
+Address of these 2 spaces are separate.
+
+Applications in user mode will auto-linked to glibc(the GNU standard C library). Libraries only available in user mode, kernel mode doesn't have this conception. An application only can through **System call** to access kernel. On the other hand, system calls are the only legal entry point into the kernel space.
+
+> Libraries APIs: man section 3
+> System calls APIs: man section 2
+
+to be continue...